Phytoplankton life cycle transformations lead to species-specific effects on sediment processes in the Baltic Sea     

Kristian Spilling  Magnus Lindstrm 《Continental Shelf Research》2008,28(17):2488-2495

In order to study the sediment response to different addition of organic matter, we added cultures of the dinoflagellates Scrippsiella hangoei and Woloszynskia halophila and the diatom Pauliella taeniata to aquaria containing natural sediment. The biomass added was 1550–3260 mg C m⁻², and in the control, no biomass was added (n=3). Oxygen profiles at the sediment–water interface and inorganic nutrients in the near bottom water were determined once a week. In the additions of P. taeniata and W. halophila the sediment quickly became anoxic, and subsequently there was a flux of >1 mmol PO₄³⁻ m⁻² d⁻¹ out of the sediment in these treatments. The majority of the released P came from P stored in the sediment and not from the organic phosphorus added. The result was very different for the S. hangoei addition. This species underwent a life cycle change to form temporary cysts. During this process there was a net uptake of nutrients. After the formation of cysts the concentration of inorganic nutrient was similar to that of the control. Cysts generally survive for long periods in the sediment (months to years) before germinating, but can also be permanently buried in the sediment. The novel idea presented here is that the phytoplankton composition may directly affect sediment processes such as oxygen consumption and phosphorus release, through species-specific life cycle changes and yields of resting stages produced prior to sedimentation. This can be an important aspect of nutrient cycling in eutrophic waters, like the Baltic Sea, where there is large year-to-year difference in the amount of resting stages settling at the sea floor, mainly due to differences in abundance of diatoms and dinoflagellates during the spring bloom. If yields of resting stages change, e.g. due to changes in the phytoplankton community, it may lead to alterations in the biogeochemical cycling of nutrients.  相似文献   

Nonlinear finite element analysis of high-strength concrete columns and experimental verification     

吕西林  陈绍琳 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(1):77-89

This paper describes a nonlinear finite element （FE） analysis of high strength concrete （HSC） columns, and verifies the results through laboratory experiments. First, a cyclically lateral loading test on nine cantilever column specimens of HSC is described and a numerical simulation is presented to verify the adopted FE models. Next, based on the FE model for specimen No.6, numerical simulations for 70 cases, in which different concrete strengths, stirrup ratios and axial load ratios are considered, are presented to explore the effect of these parameters on the behavior of the HSC columns, and to check the rationality of requirements for these columns specified in the China Code for Seismic Design of Buildings （GB 50011- 2001）. In addition, three cases with different stirrup strengths are analyzed to investigate their effect on the behavior of HSC columns. Finally, based on the numerical results some conclusions are presented.  相似文献   

地幔不均一性与地幔循环的多维表征和原因思考     

郑建平  刘为先  王伟  马强  吴树成  戴宏坤 《地质学报》2024,98(3):662-679

地幔早先经核- 幔- 壳分异形成,后受不同尺度对流和循环的影响,因而具有不均一性特征。近三十年来,地幔化学通过研究大洋玄武岩发现了多样地幔端元和非放射性同位素证据并证明了地幔不均一性,逐渐建全了地幔地球化学体系。然而,地幔不均一性如何对应于时空尺度的地幔循环,以及地球演化如何影响地幔不均一性等,仍不清楚。此外,地球物理研究显示,岩石圈厚度差异、中下地幔的波速异常体以及俯冲板片形态的观测为纵横向对流系统提供了空间不均一性证据支持。联合地球化学和地球物理手段对研究地幔不均一性至关重要,用好透视地幔成分与结构的“双目镜”已成为共识。本文从地幔不均一性结合地球化学场、地球物理的不同表现形式,以及现今及历史时期的洋陆格局的对比,多维度联系地幔循环和演化,思考了超大陆旋回与地幔不均一化的内在逻辑。强调了从全球演化角度看地幔不均一性的重要性和提出多手段联合建立地幔循环驱动模型的展望。  相似文献   

柴达木盆地北缘中、新生代盆地性质及构造演化   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

王信国  曹代勇  占文锋  刘天绩 《现代地质》2006,20(4):592-596

运用沉降史和平衡剖面技术分别对柴北缘中、新生代盆地垂向上的升降史和水平方向上的伸缩史进行定量研究,并结合区域地质背景对研究结果进行分析。结果表明:自中生代以来,柴北缘的构造演化可分为中生代（J-K）演化阶段和新生代（E₁₊₂以来）演化阶段。中生代演化阶段（J₁-J₂）,沉降史曲线具有伸展盆地特征,平衡剖面恢复结果也以伸展为主,最大伸展率和伸展速率分别达1.9%和19.48 m/(Ma·km)。这是受柴北缘周缘地块和柴达木地块运移差异引起的拉张应力场控制,因而具有伸展盆地性质。此外,由于柴达木地块的自身旋转,3个坳陷的沉降速率、伸缩率和伸缩速率也存在差异。新生代演化阶段（E₁₊₂以来）,沉降史曲线具有前陆盆地特征,平衡剖面恢复结果也以压缩型为主,最大压缩率和压缩速率分别为4.96%和14.09 m/(Ma·km),这是受印度板块和亚欧板块相互碰撞所引起的挤压应力场控制,因而具有前陆盆地性质。此外,受喜山运动各期的影响,各坳陷沉降速率和伸缩率均具有“幕式”渐进特点。  相似文献   

养护期介入电迁阻锈保障混凝土耐久性试验研究     

吴凯  罗林  毛江鸿  金伟良  潘崇根  樊玮洁 《海洋工程》2019,37(4):117-123

沿海地区氯盐侵蚀会对混凝土结构造成严重的耐久性问题,混凝土设计使用寿命难以保障。对于新建工程,若在自由水含量较高混凝土养护期进行电迁阻锈处理,则有利于电迁移性阻锈剂在钢筋周围聚集以达到更佳的阻锈效果。为此,针对两种电迁移性阻锈剂对处于氯盐侵蚀环境中的混凝土适用性展开研究,并测试了干湿循环前后混凝土内钢筋电化学参数、氯离子扩散特征及钢筋周围电迁移性阻锈剂含量研究两种电迁移性阻锈剂对混凝土耐久性保障的作用。结果表明,试验中养护期介入电迁阻锈后试件阻锈效果良好,经过干湿循环后钢筋腐蚀电位正向高于-162.6 m V,同时,钢筋附近出现明显的阻锈剂聚集现象,能保持钢筋的钝化状态。  相似文献   

Origin and chemical and isotopic evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater of the Okavango Delta,Botswana     

Rawlings N. Akondi  Loago Molwalefhe 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(1):105-120

The origin and the chemical and isotopic evolution of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in groundwater of the Okavango Delta in semi-arid Botswana were investigated using DIC and major ion concentrations and stable oxygen, hydrogen and carbon isotopes (δD, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C_DIC). The δD and δ¹⁸O indicated that groundwater was recharged by evaporated river water and unevaporated rain. The river water and shallow (<10 m) groundwater are Ca–Na–HCO₃ type and the deep (≥10 m) groundwater is Na–K–HCO₃ to HCO₃–Cl–SO₄ to Cl–SO₄–HCO₃. Compared to river water, the mean DIC concentrations were 2 times higher in shallow groundwater, 7 times higher in deep groundwater and 24 times higher in island groundwater. The δ¹³C_DIC indicate that DIC production in groundwater is from organic matter oxidation and in island groundwater from organic matter oxidation and dissolution of sodium carbonate salts. The ionic and isotopic evolution of the groundwater relative to evaporated river water indicates two independent pools of DIC.  相似文献   

Are spatial patterns of soil moisture at plot scales generalisable across catchments,climates, and other characteristics? A synthesis of synoptic soil moisture across the Mid-Atlantic     

Charles I. Scaife  Jonathan M. Duncan  Laurence Lin  Christina Tague  Colin D. Bell  Lawrence Band 《水文研究》2021,35(9):e14313

The spatial variation of soil moisture over very small areas (<100 m²) can have nonlinear impacts on cycling and flux rates resulting in bias if it is not considered, but measuring this variation is difficult over extensive temporal and spatial scales. Most studies examining spatial variation of soil moisture were conducted at hillslope (0.01 km²) to multi-catchment spatial scales (1000 km²). They found the greatest variation at mid wetness levels and the smallest variation at wet and dry wetness levels forming a concave down relationship. There is growing evidence that concave down relationships formed between spatial variation of soil moisture and average soil moisture are consistent across spatial scales spanning several orders of magnitude, but more research is needed at very small, plot scales (<100 m²). The goal of this study was to characterise spatial variation in shallow soil moisture at the plot scale by relating the mean of measurements collected in a plot to the standard deviation (SD). We combined data from a previous study with thousands of new soil moisture measurements from 212 plots in eight catchments distributed across the US Mid-Atlantic Region to (1) test for a generalisable mean–SD relationship at plot scales, (2) characterise how landcover, land use, season, and hillslope position contribute to differences in mean–SD relationships, and (3) use these generalised mean–SD relationships to quantify their impacts on catchment scale nitrification and denitrification potential. Our study found that 98% of all measurements formed a generalised mean–SD relationship like those observed at hillslope and catchment spatial scales. The remaining 2% of data comprised a mean–SD relationship with greater spatial variation that originated from two riparian plots reported in a previous study. Incorporating the generalised mean–SD relationship into estimates of nitrification and denitrification potential revealed strong bias that was even greater when incorporating mean–SD observations from the two riparian plots with significantly greater spatial variation.  相似文献   

Getting by: The ethnomethods of everyday cycling navigation     

Michael Lloyd 《New Zealand geographer》2020,76(3):207-220

Cycling is often carried out in public places, meaning that it is easy to both observe and video-record cycling in action. Within sociology, ethnomethodology focuses on practical activities, often by collecting and analysing video data. Geographers have also used video data in researching cycling, but the two perspectives have little crossover. This article showcases an ethnomethodological analysis of video data on everyday cycling navigation, presenting three empirical examples. We see that cycling, accomplished by real interacting people, needs analysing in fine detail. Further knowledge of the mundane aspects of cycling mobility can usefully build upon such a videographic approach.  相似文献   

The Effect of Organic Carbon-Iron Oxide Association on the Preservation of Sedimentary Organic Carbon in Marine Environments   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhao Bin  Yao Peng  Yu Zhigang 《地球科学进展》2016,31(11):1151-1158

Understanding the mechanisms responsible for long-term storage of organic carbon (OC) in marine environment is important for studying the marine carbon cycling and predicting how the global carbon cycle will respond to climate change. It is estimated that more than 20% of the OC in marine sediments is associated with iron oxides and thus these complexes are one of the most important factors in the long-term storage of OC. The OC-iron oxide (OC-Fe) association can be formed through either adsorption or co-precipitation, but the dominant mechanism of OC-Fe association in marine environments is co-precipitation. The combination of OC from different sources with iron oxides is selective. Iron oxides preferentially combine with marine OC in most marine environments, but in estuarine delta regions they prefer terrestrial OC. Due to large inputs of terrestrial materials, high primary production and frequent re-suspension, estuarine and marginal seas are suitable sites for OC-Fe association studies, which should be emphasized in the future.  相似文献   

内蒙锡林浩特晚石炭世辉长质岩体的成因:陆内伸展背景下富水地幔源区熔融的产物   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

庞崇进  王选策  温淑女  Krapez Bryan  王炎阳  廖闻 《岩石学报》2018,34(10):2956-2972

内蒙中部晚石炭世岩浆活动的成因及动力学背景对于揭示古亚洲洋俯冲和兴蒙造山带演化的具有重要意义。本文选取锡林浩特南部晚石炭世辉长质侵入体为研究对象,开展高精度SIMS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主微量和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析,旨在讨论其岩石成因,为制约兴蒙造山带的演化和理解深部流体循环过程提供更多信息。辉长质岩体样品的锆石CL图像呈弱环状结构、条带状或岩浆生长带(Th/U=0. 3～2. 5)。SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,锡林浩特辉长质岩体的侵位年龄为316. 9±2. 2Ma,为兴蒙造山带晚石炭世区域性岩浆活动的产物。该岩体经历了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,但受堆晶作用和地壳物质混染作用的影响较小;同时具有较低的87Sr/86Sr初始比值(0. 7034～0. 7041),但相对高的εNd(t)(+5. 58～+6. 88)和εHf(t)值(+12. 07～+13. 44),并显示Rb、Sr、U和Pb等流体活动性元素相对富集,但Nb和Ta等非流体活动性元素相对亏损的特征,暗示其起源于遭受含水流体交代富集的地幔源区。流体交代富集作用很可能发生在源区部分熔融过程中或者在部分熔融之前较短的时间内,即反映较为年轻的交代事件。锡林浩特辉长闪长岩具有相对较高的Si O_2(51. 7%～53. 2%)、Cr (138. 4×10~(-6)～757. 2×10~(-6))和Ni (50. 4×10-6～141. 1×10~(-6))含量以及Zn/Fe比值(10. 8～11. 5),但相对较低的Al2O3(13. 1%～16. 8%)含量,暗示源区可能富含斜方辉石,由橄榄岩+辉石岩脉组成。通过对比总结兴蒙造山带晚石炭世岩浆岩岩石组合的地球化学特征以及其他地质资料,本文认为古亚洲洋在晚石炭世之前已经闭合,而锡林浩特辉长质岩体形成于陆内伸展的构造背景。结合同期玄武岩母岩浆的高含水量特征(高达4. 41%),本文认为锡林浩特及其邻区晚石炭世岩浆活动是遭受地幔转换带滞留俯冲板块析出富水流体交代的地幔源区部分熔融的产物,从而建立了深部流体循环过程与造山后伸展背景下岩浆活动的成因联系。  相似文献